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Showing posts with label Parthenon. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Parthenon. Show all posts

Monday, 14 July 2008

The family come to the village

On Thursday - in Athens - some of us left the hotel in a small coach with a guide to visit Poseidon’s temple at Sounion on the southernmost tip of the mainland, marking the entry to the Saronic Gulf, with safety for wind blown sailors both north or south of the Cape. I’d read, as a child, how King Aegeus had waited on this headland for his son’s return from challenging the Minotaur in the maze at Knossus. His ship stopped at Naxos where he abandoned Ariadne who'd helped him overcome the Minotaur, then on to neighbouring Delos where, amid celebrations for his victory, Theseus forgot to change his black sail to the prearranged white one to signal his safe return. From beside the temple, I gazed south and thought how, waiting for my son, I might have seen many vessels with white sails heading north and hoped, but then, at about the expected time for the annual return of the tribute vessel from Crete, glimpsed or pretended not to see, slowly rounding a hazy island headland from within the cyclades, a sail of undoubted blackness on course for Athens, and known the boy lost and a sheer drop close to hand. The temple occupies less land than nearby hotels – slender-scaled to the human physique - despite, as Anna, our guide, said, the craft being available to build on the scale of the pyramids. ‘Harmony between man and the earth - the thing we’ve lost … have always been losing and finding again,’ she said. While I toured, Lin read by the hotel pool, later taking the train with Richard and Amy to Monastiriki to stroll the Agora museum while Richard took his camera up to the Acropolis – his first visit. * * * On Friday afternoon we got back from the birthday party in Athens and were in Ano Korakiana – this time with Richard and Amy. Richard, especially, was fidgety “We’re stuck here in the middle of nowhere”. Hurt, I almost but didn’t reply that he’d said that as tho’ it was something bad. Later in the day Lin drove us by flowering oleander to our pebbly beach inside Cape Kephalopsos – entered via a small track through the growing rubble at the south edge of Ipsos harbour. In no time Richard was off to hire a scooter. Amy and I swam leisurely in the warm sea while Lin read in the shade of the myrtle, wavelets slapping the shore by her toes in this blighted Eden. Before she and Amy had arrived I’d filled a bin bag with rubbish washed up on our tiny strand alone, while reverberating across the grand vista stretching between the Albanian shore, Epirus’ haze and the villa'd slopes of Pantokrator the engine noise of cars, motor boats and aircraft. The serenity of this place, before we learned the art of capturing energy from exploding oil, can still be glimpsed at sunrise in winter. Slower economies make the poor picturesque, donkey-born poverty invisible. The sail strewn past is history. And still my jaded metropolitan eye notes the travel pimps' descriptions ‘unspoilt’ (over 2000000 hits on Google!) above italicised details on ‘how to get there’. Always, said JH, to avoid disappointment, go and live somewhere ‘already ruined’. In 1993, the year before he died, Jack wrote, for our reading: ‘Love of the Country - Ode to a book I never wrote’:
Did they think about the skylarks when they built Mayfair on the grazings that ran down to the Shepherd’s Market? Did they worry about the snipe when they drained the marshes behind St.James’s Palace to build Belgravia? Where did the kite go when they dug the London sewers? Do the piles they drove down through the beaver’s dam hold firm the supermarket in Newbury High Street? Who cooked the big trout that lay under the village bridge at Wandsworth? Who feasted on the last salmon that was netted at Tower Hamlets? Now they come to put central heating in the ploughman’s hovel. They claim the sun that used to bake the hay. And breathe the breeze in which the pointing dog caught a hundred scents. They walk out in trainers and T-shirts that say “Save the Rain Forest”. “Stand back!” they say. “We have a right to walk where we please!” But we look where they trod before and shudder for what follows in their footsteps. I said I must write a warning. But I was angry and - as the Japanese say - to be angry is only to make yourself ridiculous. So we will live out our days in the cracks between the concrete. And then they will pour cement on top of us.
I note the reproach, knowing ‘us’ excluded no-one. J wanted to write, I think, a final book about how to live without vexed dissimulation, arrogance or isolation. One element was a modern transhumance – the old pastoral seasonal journeys aimed at getting the best for their stock from different but familiar places, observing the migratory cues of flocks and herds. This included mental travel, moving at mind-speed across the patchwork eiderdown of his learning about the past and curiosity about the future. I wonder if J read The Songlines. It was published in 1987, hardly a year before Bruce Chatwin died in January 1989, when Chatwin must have known his future. I read it just now, after my short adventure in Australia. Chatwin wanted to learn ‘not from other men’s books, what a songline was – and how it worked’. His exploration, guided by a selection of unique and richly self-educated people, is deep referenced to insights from earlier travels…‘the more I read, the more convinced I became that nomads had been the crankhandle of history…’ (p.19). Chatwin followed my reading of a concise history of Australia, in particular a chapter about the catastrophic two century encounter of European and pre-neolithic peoples in Australia. History, to quote Durrell (in Prospero’s Cell 1945) ‘with her painful and unexpected changes cannot be made to pity or remember: that is our function’. This function Chatwin fulfils with engaging wit, finding just the tone for the mess strewn across the commonwealth by that collision – not ‘the fatal shore’, no ‘black armbands’, even an open-eyed optimism (given Chatwin’s closeness to death). Of another group of destitute outcasts in the Saharan Empty Quarter - the Nemadi - Chatwin told his chief Australian guide, Arkady Volchok (I don’t want to know where he is now, or not at once) a story of a greeting, ‘a few warbled notes’ and a three minute smile - over a chasm of separate experiences - from a woman of ‘more than a hundred’ called Lemina. That smile, C told A, was something he lived with:
‘...like a message from the Golden Age. It had taught me to reject out of hand all arguments for the nastiness of human nature. The idea of returning to an ‘original simplicity’ was not naïve or unscientific or out of touch with reality. “Renunciation”, I said, “even at this late date, can work.” “I’d agree with that,” said A. “The world, if it has a future, has an ascetic future.”’ (p.133)
* * * On Thursday evening the family and friends sat in a restaurant in Kifissia overlooking the vastly scattered lights of greater Athens. A breeze blew across Attica, ruffling hair – almost cool. My sister-in-law Kate was enjoying a barney across the white table cloth, beneath plentiful food, water, wine and Diet Pepsi, about the virtues of a hybrid car – she and G having bought one - the boon of supermarkets, railing at sentimentalist dreams among the prosperous about the mulish drudge of local shopping for sweated food, while arguing for global unions to regulate food prices. I’d started the evening by saying, jokingly, “hurray, we can talk about allotments”, a matter on which my assumptions are muddied, especially amid the joy of family table talk. I faltered and Lin entered the debate. Later I smiled quits to Kate as we headed back to our hotel. “Did you respect the way I deployed my relentless logic to demolish your case?”. “Yeah yeah. I love a good debate” she smiled her quits. * * * R, me, Lin and A went out for supper in Ipsos at the Bonita. Lots of scooters, strollers and boom boys passing pell mell – though word is that Ipsos is ‘dead’, lacking the spending numbers it needs to thrive. A & R stayed on to seek a nightclub, finding one place with the critical mass to make an evening. Lin and I were home by 11.00 and found the neighbour’s family and friends spread across the steps outside their house celebrating young Leftheri’s 7th birthday. Wending our way through the path to 208 we were beckoned to their table; served meat and cakes and wine from grandpa L’s garden. Young L’s sister, Dimitra and her friend Maria, - about 11 and 12 I think - spoke lots of English, taught by Katya S, wife of Thanassis. We shared favourites: school subjects, composers, musical instruments, football teams (we weren’t much good there. “Football – then katalaveno!” we grinned sheepishly), while everyone chatted to and fro and young L’s friends played in the alley and spilled onto Democracy Street, to be called back into the light around their table. * * * On out first evening back in the village – Friday late – we strolled, my family, up the gentle slope beyond the bandstand and towards the narrowing street that goes through little Venice. Some dogs barked, others sought stroking. A hedgehog scampered across our path. Another played dead to avoid confronting two waiting kittens. Cats chased grasshoppers skipping between light and shadow. We saw glow worms in the verges; a large cricket sat squat on a wall where Democracy Street narrowed; geckos hugged warm lintels scuttling away if any of us approached. Richard found a shed snake skin in a wall drain; hefted it gently out with Mark’s gift stick. In the house we saw and left cobwebs - a wasp trussed and husked in one. Later in Corfu in the afternoon we saw lizards, irridescent beetles, a cicada, a hornet, fishermen watching another preparing a fish he’d caught and in our garden the shed husk of a grasshopper.

Thursday, 8 November 2007

A missing commentary - the debate between sea and olives



Dora Bakoyannis, Greece's impressive Foreign Minister, and ex-Mayor of Athens, was doing things in London this week - like talking with David Miliband about Greek-Turkish relations and the FYROM issue. She brought a signed copy of Alexander the Great's birth certificate issued well south of the Slav upstart state claiming his history. No seriously, that's a squabble that has to be talked out by diplomacy - so it never gets fought out.
[Back to the future - 17 Dec '09: At the end of November 09, DB lost a fight with Antonis Samaras for the Leadership of New Democracy, in opposition since PASOK won a General Election in October '09. Op-Ed from Kathimerini]
DB is a politician who tends not to put a foot wrong. (Future PM?) Bakoyannis, in the Mercouri tradition, met the British Committee for the Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles. She thanked them for their campaigning, stressing that Athens' goal (diplomatic metonymy) was to "reunite" the Marbles being held at the British Museum in London with those in Greece - a shrewdly used word; a change of name.
'They do not only belong to Greece but the world has a right to see them united at the new Acropolis Museum'

Consider the blank space on the west pediment above our heads in this snap taken by another couple who we'd just snapped for their album. Whether you have the place to yourself - which can happen - or whether it teems with visitors, its genius loci is undeniable, yet in this world of 'signage' designed to teach visitors and remind locals about their history - the most finely crafted commentary on the Acropolis is missing. Blast away its roof and scar its pillars, it is the story told in marble on the pediments and friezes of the Parthenon that is as important to its integrity as Genesis is to the Bible or the statue of Romulus and Remus suckling a wolf is to Rome.
The theme of the western pediment is the rivalry between Athena and her uncle, Poseidon, as to who should be patron of their favourite city. Witnessed by Cecrops, the Goddess offers an olive branch; the God, a saltwater spring. What's that about? Ponder pethia! Think visitors! Or head to northern climes and check it while I have a skirto.
Olives are good food, good wood and their oil fuelled lamps. Both could be traded. Poseidon's gift was about sea power - important for defence and trading. Which is the best gift? What qualifies Cecrops to judge? Poseidon and Athena occupy the central, high point of the west pediment's triangle - or should. Also up there - or should be were he not in the British Museum - is Cecrops, half man and half serpent, born from the soil, ancestor of the Greeks, who, by preferring Athena's gift, founded Athens teaching her citizens to bury the dead, honour the contract of marriage, to read and write. A civiliser. The Parthenon was named Cecropia in his honour. It became home to Phidias' building-high ivory and gold statue of Athena. Can you see the problem here - a tension between peace and war; between the practicality of the olive, not to mention its beauty, and the fact of Piraeus and the security of the broad blue highway from whence came the trading economy of the Aegean basin and littorals beyond? Some lesson! Did the neat little recording gadget tell you that while you were gazing in wonder at the remains of the marble narrative - chipped and bowdlerised by ill advised cleaning - in the British Museum? [one of my students stands before the east pediment marbles a few weeks ago] Erichthonius, also on the west pediment, was the second king of Athens. I am confused about him. There seems to be speculation about his history and identity. He wasn't Athena's son but she brought him up. He taught his subjects to work silver, put horses to chariots, and to pull the plough. I don't think Poseidon liked him. I need to learn more. Then there are more water divinities - Iris and Hermes among them - joining in a debate which, for the moment, remains muted and remote since the chamber above our heads is sadly empty. When I was last there, I was looking at the miniature reconstructions of the pediments in the museum on the Acropolis. I got into conversation with a Greek visitor from Thessalonika. I said I'd very much like to see the marbles returned, since their absence made me ignorant, stopping me shifting my gaze in a helpful way from pediments to frieze - a four-fold lesson there - to the larger structure, to the city below and towards the sea to the south. He said 'Yes they must come back, but we are not ready for them. Because of the air pollution in Athens they will have to go from your museum to our museum.' Having first seen the incomparable Parthenon in the late 1950s I was indeed struck by the pollution damage since then; more harm in 30 years than in many previous decades. I saw his point. More pragmatic than moral. Athens' pollution problems are not helped by her magnificent topography. The great city is located in a basin surrounded by high mountains and the dear dark faced sea that has served her so well. Air dispersion despite the etesian winds of summer is minimal. It is the only city where I - a traveller - have suffered as much from the humid heat of August and which makes cooler suburbs like Kifissia so seductive. The main sources of air pollution - motorised traffic, industry, domestic heating and air-conditioning - is increased by solar radiation during spring and summer. Athenians know 'the nefos'. The fires on Parnitha and closer in Kifissia amplify the problem - driven by ill-chance and yearning for land. Traffic congestion seems as bad as ever. [19/01/08 Problem continues: Stavros Dimas to Parliament on CO2 emissions measurement “This issue can create a problem for the entire EU – imagine the ridicule for our country" ] In 1977 the pollution of Athens was so bad, that, according to then Greek Minister of Culture, Constantine Trypanis, the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated, while the face of the horseman still on the Parthenon's west side was all but obliterated. Strict measures during the 1990s improved air quality. Five of the caryatids were replaced with replicas - the orginals placed in the Acropolis Museum. Elgin had the sixth. [He's got a receipt. 'Hold on it was in my pocket just now. Wait. it's somewhere here, I promise.']. The nefos is rarer, but summer 2007 saw great palls of smoke blanketing the city. All the same, more Athenians are on bicycles. Many more rely on the superb rapid transit system that came with the Olympics. But people are people. They love their cars. They covet, they yearn and sometimes they burn. The National Law 1650/86 contains the main legal framework for the protection of the environment. Air is monitored in a highly detailed scientific way, but...so much depends on human beings, corporate responsibility and confident government. ['The pilfering lords have gone, but the hungry clouds of pollution do damage in Athens nearly as bad.' Richard Stoneman (ed) Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, London: Hutchinson, 1987, p.300] If the Parthenon marbles return to their pediments - not just to a superb air-conditioned humidity-controlled museum nearby (politically correct as that would be) - Greece will have achieved more than a just restoration, she will have tackled one of the great urban problems of the world. The statue of Romulus and Remus is in the Musei Capitolini not in the open on the Capitoline Hill, needing similar protection from air pollution. If the Parthenon marbles do not return to their original place, then can you reproach those with the means who also retreat to 'superb' air-conditioned humidity-controlled environments separated from their fellows, shielded from the effects of their way of life? The message on the west pediment - the debate between Poseidon and Athena, between sea and olives should be renewed and resolved. They may argue. They may quarrel. But if they cannot share the same space then nor can we. The next time I enjoy an olive from Kalamata or Halkidiki I will be more aware of its salty taste.
[Back to the future: For another juxtaposition of sea and tree or rather 'boat vs. tree' see this blog entry on how toy-sized boats are being replacing by trees in Greek Christmas celebrations. Christmas trees came to Greece rather as they came to Britain - in King Otto's Bavarian baggage to Greece and in Prince Albert's German baggage to Victorian England] [Who owns the Codex Sinaiticus, until the 19thC in the Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai - probably the earliest copy of the Holy Bible in Greek?]

* * *
What British things have been taken to another place? I can't think of any that are a bone of contention. US universities have bought quite a few original manuscripts, and now and again we hear of British Museums trying to save certain works 'for the nation' in competition with overseas private collectors. I'm failing to imagine what it must feel like to want the Parthenon Marbles back - because they are 'ours'. Cargo cults are driven by a shared feeling in a subject population that a powerful tribe has run off with their forefathers' wealth and magic powers, their technology and art. I wonder if growing Greek self-confidence will lessen demands for the return of the marbles so that when they come back, as I think they should and eventually will as part of the integrity of Pericles' Acropolis, the party will be ill-attended. Had Elgin not completed his mission for which he suffered famous abuse from Byron*, illness, impoverishment and gross disfigurement, the world might not have the marbles that now exist.
*Cold is the heart, fair Greece! that looks on thee,
Nor feels as lovers o'er the dust they lov'd ;
Dull is the eye that will not weep to see
Thy walls defac'd, thy mouldering shrines remov'd
By British hands, which it had best behov'd
To guard those relics ne'er to be restor'd.
Curst be the hour when from their isle they rov'd,
And once again thy hopeless bosom gor'd,
And snatch'd thy shrinking Gods to northern climes abhorr'd.
Childe Harold: Canto 2 (15) 1812
[Back to the future: 5 Aug 2009 - Since writing this I've learned of a sturdy intellectual thread in Modern Hellenic culture that has mixed feelings about widely venerated emblems of Classical Greece such as the Parthenon, including growing political sophistication about the way regimes exploit the supposedly objective work of archaeologists - preserving, rebuilding and destroying resonant symbols. As a discipline it's referred to as 'socio' - or 'social archaeology'. See for instance Liana Giannakopoulou 'Perceptions of the Parthenon in Modern Greek Poetry' Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 20 (2) Oct 2002, pp. 241-272
The Parthenon is not a popular source of inspiration for modern Greek poets. Only a few poems are devoted to it, expressing either the poet's grief for bygone ages of glory or his praise of the immortal Greek spirit. Against this background, three poets can be distinguished for being different and original. For Palamas, who fights for the cause of Demoticism, the attitudes of his contemporaries towards the Parthenon encapsulate what he takes to be a sterile veneration of the ancestors. He thus opposes the idea of the restoration of the Parthenon, promoting the Modern Greek language instead. For Sikelianos, the Parthenon is only one monument among many. This weighty symbol of ancient Greek tradition is not a source of awe or embarrassment, but the yardstick that indicates the importance of the modern poet's achievement. For Calas, finally, the Parthenon is associated with the declining values of a doomed bourgeoisie and should therefore be blown up and replaced by new standards in life and art.
And see also Yannis Hamilakis 'The Other "Parthenon": Antiquity and National Memory at Makronisos' Journal of Modern Greek Studies, vol 20 (2) Oct 2002, pp. 307-338
Makronisos, the small, uninhabited island off the Attica coast, was the location of the most notorious concentration camp set up by the Greek government during the Civil War (1946-1949). It was a place of brutality, torture, and death, but its distinctive feature was its role as an indoctrination centre for many thousands of political dissidents (mostly left-wing soldiers and citizens, but also ethnic and religious minorities) who, after they were "re-educated" in the national dogmas, were sent to fight against their ex-comrades. Classical antiquity was one of the main ideological foundations of this "experiment," the audience for which was the whole of Greece and the international community. In the island, still known as "The New Parthenon," the "redeemed" inmates were encouraged to build replicas of classical monuments, and the regime's discourse emphasized the perceived incompatibility of the inmates' "destiny" (as descendants of ancient Greeks) with left-wing ideologies....]
[Back to the future: a 21 August 2009 op-ed on the debate about the ownership of antiquities]
[Back to the future - 19 Dec 2009: 'The Parthenon frieze can now be digitally observed, piece by piece' - a website in Greek analysing the frieze with superb images...also see p.14 of 11 Dec 09 Athens Plus in which there's a piece about modern marble craftsmen working on the Acropolis]

Thursday, 18 October 2007

Painting marble


I have known for ages that classical sculptures were not uncoloured carved stone, but I wince at painted marble. I can't understand why the previous owners of our home in Ano Korakiana laid lino over the tiles and hid the marble in the house. There's an exhibition in Harvard at the moment that aims to show how some statues might have looked - thus this Roman head of Caligula and the more ancient statue of a Trojan archer. Strong feelings of the kind that divided high and low church congregations exist about painting marble. I can enjoy elaborate multicoloured decoration on fabrics and manuscripts or in a garden while detesting the idea of painting marble. The thought of the Parthenon looking like a building in Las Vegas, which it probably did, is dispiriting. Yet there are wealthy Lopakhin's who would regard my opinion with puzzlement, and even disdain. They would be keen on enhancing the product that is 'Ancient Greece' and getting it better placed in markets hitherto repelled by old stone statues and pillars with cracks and bits missing from them - axing a worn cherry orchard.

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Simon Baddeley